David McCullough, celebrated for his captivating portrayal of Harry Truman, now turns his masterful storytelling to another pivotal figure in American history: John Adams. In this compelling biography, McCullough navigates a wealth of historical research to illuminate the multifaceted life of this Founding Father and second President of the United States. McCullough expertly presents Adams not just as a statesman but as a man deeply connected to the burgeoning American spirit, revealing how he significantly shaped the nation’s foundation and steered it through its formative years. Interacting with giants of his era, Adams absorbed their wisdom and contributed his own unique insights, enriching the intellectual landscape of the time. McCullough’s biography masterfully reveals the core aspects of Adams’ character: the passionate advocate, the astute political leader, and the devoted family man, weaving these threads together to create a complete and compelling portrait. Written with clarity and grace, McCullough’s work transcends the common perception of John Adams as a mere historical figure, imbuing him with vitality and relevance for today’s readers. This biography fosters a profound appreciation for Adams, echoing the enriching learning experience characteristic of McCullough’s insightful narratives.
McCullough emphasizes Adams’ inherent drive to advocate, particularly for those marginalized and overlooked. Early in his career as a lawyer, Adams distinguished himself by defending individuals often denied legal representation. This stemmed from a commitment to both deepening his legal expertise and a firm belief in universal justice and the right to a robust defense. McCullough illustrates Adams’ exceptional command of language, both written and spoken, which he wielded to construct compelling cases, regardless of his client’s social standing. This advocacy extended to Adams’ pivotal role as a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress, where he became a leading voice for independence from British rule. Through persuasive speeches and strategic legislative efforts, Adams planted the seeds of revolution in the minds of his contemporaries. McCullough highlights Adams’ fervent opposition to the oppressive policies of King George III, championing the concept of an autonomous nation governed by its own Congress, free from distant, unrepresentative parliamentary control. McCullough vividly depicts Adams’ dedication to the cause of independence, emphasizing his central role in the constitutional deliberations at the Congress, even while acknowledging a less detailed treatment of events like the Boston Tea Party. Following the declaration of independence in 1776, Adams was dispatched to Europe to secure crucial treaties of support and trade with France, and later, to negotiate peace with Britain as the tide turned in favor of Washington’s forces. His appointment as the first Ambassador to the Court of St. James’ marked a significant, albeit initially awkward, diplomatic milestone, which Adams navigated with characteristic skill. McCullough portrays these challenging missions as transformative experiences, highlighting Adams’ unwavering commitment to advocating for what he believed was essential for his nascent nation.
Beyond advocacy, McCullough portrays Adams as a visionary political leader who consistently prioritized the collective good over personal gain. Adams embodied the principle of selfless leadership, dedicating himself to the welfare of the entire populace, setting a standard for future generations. His efforts to draft a constitution for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts drew heavily from the Declaration of Independence, a document he initially considered drafting himself before entrusting it to Jefferson. Adams infused this constitution with principles designed to benefit all citizens of the Commonwealth, striving to lead by example and leveraging his deep-seated passion for his home state to improve the lives of everyone. McCullough also details Adams’ leadership as a diplomat, serving as minister to both the Netherlands and Great Britain. The biography recounts the intriguing story of how Adams secured the crucial post in the Netherlands, showcasing his political acumen. In these roles, Adams tirelessly worked to establish vital alliances and solidify the political standing of the newly formed United States on the international stage. Despite facing numerous obstacles, Adams’ persistence and dedication propelled his ascent in political influence, culminating in his election as the first Vice President of the United States in 1788. McCullough describes the novelty of this position and the Constitution’s vague description of its duties. Adams sought to define the vice-presidency from his position as President of the Senate, actively participating in debates and offering his opinions, a stark contrast to the more ceremonial role it later evolved into. Even through the limitations of his vice-presidential role, Adams continued to exert political leadership through his writings, disseminating pamphlets that offered commentary on critical global events, particularly drawing parallels between the French Revolution and the American experience of 1776.
Adams’ political leadership reached its zenith when he narrowly won the presidency in 1797, defeating Jefferson by a mere three electoral votes. McCullough vividly recounts the contentious election of 1796, which marked the emergence of partisan politics in America. Subjected to fierce political attacks and labeled a monarchist, Adams had to overcome these accusations to unite the nation and govern effectively. McCullough emphasizes Adams’ deep political expertise, which he brought to bear on the presidency during a particularly turbulent period. Facing a politically opposed Vice President in Jefferson, his administration grappled with intense internal divisions. McCullough suggests that Jefferson actively sought to undermine Adams, exacerbating partisan gridlock between the Republican and Federalist parties. McCullough argues convincingly that Adams’ presidency was significantly shaped by the aggressive actions of post-revolutionary France, which pushed America to the brink of war. Adams strategically strengthened national defenses and enacted key legislation, including the Alien and Sedition Acts, aimed at protecting American interests and deterring foreign aggression. While McCullough maintains that Adams ultimately prioritized peace, the period was undeniably marked by military posturing. Adams’ decision to pursue peace with France, though ultimately beneficial for the nation, alienated factions within his own party and tarnished his political standing in the eyes of Jefferson and the Republicans. This pivotal choice set the stage for the deeply divisive election of 1800, a rematch between Adams and Jefferson, and the first and only time in American history a sitting president faced his vice-president as an opponent. McCullough masterfully narrates the dramatic campaign of 1800, highlighting the emergence of the “dirty politics” that would become a recurring feature of American elections. McCullough posits that Adams’ commitment to peace with France was the decisive factor in the election’s outcome.
A distinguished portrait of John Adams, showcasing his thoughtful demeanor and embodying the spirit of a Founding Father.
McCullough’s biography also highlights Adams’ profound role as a family man, a theme that resonates throughout the narrative. Abigail Adams emerges as a central figure, her influence permeating every aspect of John’s life. McCullough consistently emphasizes her critical importance, ensuring her presence is felt throughout the biography. Family was paramount to Adams, and he actively sought to involve his loved ones in his life, even amidst his demanding political career. While acknowledging the historical context and societal norms of the time, McCullough addresses the challenges faced by the Adams family, including discussions of stillbirths and deaths through poignant letters exchanged between John and Abigail. Yet, it is clear that Adams’ driving motivation was to improve the lives of his wife and children. He brought his sons on diplomatic missions to France and the Netherlands, demonstrating his commitment to their education and experiences. His extensive correspondence with Abigail reveals his deep affection and longing for his family, illustrating his dedication to maintaining close familial bonds despite geographical separations. McCullough skillfully weaves the theme of family throughout the biography, underscoring Adams’ devotion as a supportive father and head of household, determined to create opportunities for his children. Even during the intense pressures of his presidency, Adams remained deeply connected to his family, particularly during Abigail’s serious illness with yellow fever. He adeptly balanced his responsibilities as national leader with his unwavering commitment to his family.
McCullough’s narrative extends beyond the immediate sphere of John Adams and his family, incorporating detailed portrayals of other key figures of the American Revolution and early republic. Founding Fathers such as Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, and Madison are given significant attention, enriching the biography with context and offering glimpses into their own complex lives. Jefferson’s relationship with Adams, marked by both collaboration and rivalry, is explored in depth. McCullough suggests that the dynamic between Washington and Adams warrants further examination, implicitly recommending Ron Chernow’s biography of Washington for a more comprehensive understanding. Similarly, McCullough hints at the value of Jon Meacham’s Jefferson biography to gain further insight into Jefferson’s perspective on his interactions with Adams. The biography also recounts the often-strained working relationship between Adams and Franklin in France, promising readers a nuanced understanding of both figures.
Abigail Adams, depicted in a portrait, a testament to her significant role as a wife and advisor to John Adams, and a prominent figure in her own right.
While acknowledging the biography’s comprehensive nature, the reviewer notes a desire for more extensive coverage of the debates surrounding the independence movement and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution. As someone interested in institutional reform, the reviewer expresses a particular interest in the origins and development of constitutional principles. Drawing a comparison to McCullough’s Truman biography, known for its detailed accounts of electoral campaigns, the reviewer notes that while the 1796 election is briefly covered, the highly significant and dramatic election of 1800 is presented in a more engaging manner.
In conclusion, the reviewer expresses immense appreciation for McCullough’s biography, emphasizing that mere praise seems insufficient to convey its impact. McCullough’s skill in bringing to life a president often known by name but not fully understood is highlighted as a particular strength. The biography not only illuminates the life of John Adams but also provides profound insights into the formative years of the United States, offering a deeper understanding of the historical roots of contemporary American society. The reviewer enthusiastically recommends this biography and expresses eagerness to explore more of McCullough’s works.
